Mediastinum unremarkable

May 1, 2023 ... Pneumomediastinum is defined as the presence of air in the mediastinum ... An antero-posterior (AP) chest X-ray had unremarkable mediastinal ...

The caudal mediastinum extends from the heart to the diaphragm. FIGURE 17.1 Schematic transverse image of the thorax at the level of the heart. The parietal pleura, which covers the inner margin of the thoracic wall, continues into the mediastinal pleura which separates the left and right pleural cavities.The thoracic mediastinum is the compartment that runs the length of the thoracic cavity between the pleural sacs of the lungs. This compartment extends longitudinally from the thoracic inlet to the superior surface of the diaphragm. Although there are no physical barriers between compartments other than the pericardium, the mediastinum is typically discussed based on subdivisions. The four ...The pineal gland is a neuroendocrine organ that comprises a part of the epithalamus, one of the three divisions of the diencephalon. Other components of the epithalamus are the stria medullaris, habenular nuclei, posterior commissure and paraventricular nuclei. The pineal gland, also called the pineal body, develops as an outward projection ...Chest x-ray showed lungs and pleura: minimal bibasilar atelectasis. no consolidation. no lung mass. no pleural effusion. no pneumothorax. cardiomediastinal silhouette: stable cardiomediastinal silhouette. what does this mean? 2 doctors weighed in across 2 answers. A member asked:Primary mediastinal adenocarcinoma is a rare malignancy that can arise from normal or ectopic tissue in the mediastinum . Only a few cases are reported in the literature. ... and physical examination was unremarkable. On admission, her peripheral blood count, serum chemistry analysis, and urinalysis were normal. Open in a separate window.In proximal aortic dissection, if the outer layer of the dissected aorta bulges out, the mediastinum will be widened, but if the inner layer buckles in without the outer layer bulging out, the ...Due to large soft tissue mass external to the pericardial sac a CT of the chest was performed for further evaluation with concern for potential mediastinal mass. The CT images revealed bilateral prominent paracadial fat pads without necrosis or inflammatory changes, see Fig. 3. There is normally some adipose tissue in the cardiophrenic space ...Article History Received: Mar 26 2018 Revision requested: Mar 30 2018 Revision received: Mar 30 2018 Accepted: Apr 3 2018 Published online: July 03 2018

Lung cancer: Lung cancer is the most common cause of unequal hilar regions in adults, both due to the presence of a tumor and to the presence of involved lymph nodes.; Other cancers: Metastatic breast cancer can lead to hilar lymphadenopathy both due to the spread of the cancer to this region and due to involved lymph nodes.Lymphoma …Radiological, macroscopic and microscopic views of thymic hyperplasia (A) CT obtained after i.v. administration of contrast showed a homogeneous thymus with soft tissue density in the anterior mediastinum (arrows).(B) There was reactive hyperplasia in the axillary lymph nodes on both sides (arrows).(C) The thymectomy material was macroscopically 20 cm × 10 cm × 1.5 cm in size and weighed 118 g.Benign teratomas of the mediastinum (mature cystic teratomas or “dermoid” tumors) are rare and account for only 3 to 12% of mediastinal tumors.1, 2 Although these tumors have been described in patients with ages ranging from 7 months to 65 years, most occur in young adults, with an approximately equal incidence in males and females.2–4 No …The thymus can be seen on chest radiographs within 24 hours after birth, then becomes smaller after the age of 2 years. It is rarely seen after the age of 8 years 10. The thymus is seen as a triangular sail ( thymic sail sign) frequently towards the right of the mediastinum. It has no mass effect on vascular structures or airways.One of the most exciting of these is the expanded role for sonography in imaging extracardiac mediastinal pathology. A number of reports highlight its use in directing mediastinal biopsy, for tissue characterization, and for staging lymphoma. The comparative merits of CT and MR imaging in staging bronchogenic carcinoma have been further ...

1 Prominent pulmonary hila 2 Widening of the superior mediastinum 3 Kerley B lines 4 Right-sided pulmonary effusion 5 Prominent right cardiac shadowing, A 78-year-old woman is an inpatient status post-colectomy for colon cancer. ... The rest of her exam is unremarkable. A sensitive assay D-dimer blood test is negative. Question Based on this ...The mediastinum is the central compartment of the thorax that is bounded by pleura on the right and left, by sternum anteriorly, and by vertebra posteriorly. It contains loose connective tissue and several vital structures, including the heart, great vessels, esophagus, trachea, phrenic and cardiac nerves, thoracic duct, lymph nodes, and thymusOther locations include submandibular, sublingual locations, the mediastinum and the abdomen (adrenal glands, gallbladder, esophagus, duodenum, the reproductive system) . ... He was a heavy smoker, the rest of his past medical history was unremarkable. On examination the patient was alert and well-oriented. His heart rate …A pleural effusion is a collection of fluid in the pleural space. Fluid gathers in the lowest part of the chest, according to the patient's position. If the patient is upright when the X-ray is taken, then fluid will surround the lung base forming a 'meniscus' - a concave line obscuring the costophrenic angle and part or all of the hemidiaphragm.

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A number of mediastinal reflections are visible at conventional radiography that represent points of contact between the mediastinum and adjacent lung. The presence or distortion of these reflections is the key to the detection and interpretation of mediastinal abnormalities. Anterior mediastinal masses can be identified when the hilum overlay sign is present and the posterior mediastinal ...In this video, we discuss approach to apparently normal appearing chest radiograph. This is an important topic for your radiology board exams, especially FRC...The mediastinum (chest cavity) refers to an area that is bordered by the breastbone (sternum) in front, the spinal column in back, the neck on top, and the diaphragm below. It contains the heart, the thymus gland, some lymph nodes, and parts of the windpipe (trachea), esophagus, aorta, thyroid gland, and parathyroid glands. ...Other laboratory tests, including tumor markers, were unremarkable. Chest X‐ray (CXR) revealed a homogeneously increased density over the entire right side of the chest, shifting the mediastinum to the left, ... Mediastinum is a very rare location for desmoid tumors, and only a few cases have been reported in the literature. ...

It is defined posteriorly by the posterior border of the trachea and the posterior surface of the heart. Middle mediastinal structures include the central airways, heart and great vessels, and lymph nodes. The posterior mediastinum lies posterior to this and contains the esophagus, descending aorta, and paravertebral tissues.The mediastinum is the area that separates the lungs. It is surrounded by the breastbone in front and the spine in back, with the lungs on either side. It encompasses the heart, aorta, esophagus, thymus (a gland in the back of the neck) and trachea (windpipe). When tumors develop in this area, they are called mediastinal tumors. Mediastinal tumors are rare but, due to their location, can be ...Background. The presence of tumor metastases in the mediastinum is one of the most important elements in determining the optimal treatment strategy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. This review is aimed at examining the current strategies for investigating lymph node metastases corresponding to an "N2" classification delineated ...Normal mediastinal contours. Here are some of the normal mediastinal contours often seen on chest X-rays. These contours are created by difference in density of anatomical structures of the mediastinum and adjacent tissues. Not all of these contours are present on all normal chest X-rays and their visibility depends on technical factors.The meaning of MEDIASTINUM is the space in the chest between the pleural sacs of the lungs that contains all the tissues and organs of the chest except the lungs and pleurae; also : this space with its contents.A review of cardiomegaly, left atrial and right ventricular enlargement, mediastinal masses, and hilar enlargement.Video includes the following images (among...Thyroid nodules are common, perhaps existing in almost half the population, as determined using ultrasonography (US). Only 4-7% of thyroid nodules detected with US are palpable in the adult population in the United States, with women affected more frequently than men. Although the thyroid is the most common endocrine organ to …Jun 28, 2018 · Citation, DOI, disclosures and article data. Cardiac silhouette refers to the outline of the heart as seen on frontal and lateral chest radiographs and forms part of the cardiomediastinal contour . The size and shape of the cardiac silhouette provide useful clues for underlying disease. Today (day 3), the pain is quite a bit better, but still present. I got a chest x-ray at my local hospital. The report in my health app says that the results are "unremarkable." Just…. nothing worth commenting on, apparently. Those results will be sent to my CF doctor who will then determine the next step.Clinical examination was unremarkable. Chest X ray and contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed mediastinal mass. ... Mediastinal paraganglioma is a rare mediastinal tumor. 1,2 It constituted 0.3% of all mediastinal tumors in the series described by Cesar et al. 1 while no case of mediastinal paraganglioma was found out of 57 EUS-FNA done ...The mediastinum is a large compartment in the thoracic chest that contains vital structures such as the heart and its major blood vessels, as well as the esophagus, trachea, and additional important structures. The superior mediastinum is a triangle-shaped structure that sits at the upper, anterior portion of the chest. The superior mediastinum is most noteworthy for containing the take-off ...Dr. Henry J. Tannous. Mediastinal tumors are benign or cancerous growths that form in the mediastinum; that is, the area in the middle of the chest between the sternum (breastbone) and spinal column. The mediastinum, which separates the lungs, houses the heart, esophagus, trachea, great vessels, thymus, and lymph nodes.

A wide variety of abnormalities may be encountered in the paravertebral mediastinum, ranging from congenital lesions to malignant neoplasms. A combination of localizing mediastinal masses to the paravertebral compartment, characterizing them with cross-sectional imaging techniques, and correlating the imaging findings with demographics and other clinical history typically enables the ...

The mediastinum is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity, located between the two pleural sacs. It contains most of the thoracic organs, and acts as a conduit for structures traversing the thorax on their way into the abdomen. Anatomically, the mediastinum is divided into two parts by an imaginary line that runs from the sternal …An unremarkable cardiomediastinal Silhouette is one that appears normal in shape and size, without any abnormalities present. This can provide important information to medical professionals in diagnosing certain conditions or diseases. ... The Silhouette is composed of the heart, mediastinum, lungs, and other structures in the chest cavity. It ...Mediastinal hematoma was defined as "inhomogeneous soft tissue density within the mediastinal fat, with obscuration or obliteration." Chest wall hematoma was defined as "area of soft tissue density causing anatomical alteration." We are aware of the critical limitation for assessment of aortic injury and upper abdominal injury using non ...The mediastinum is the thoracic area between the 2 pleural cavities. The mediastinum contains vital structures of the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, and nervous systems including the heart and esophagus Esophagus The esophagus is a muscular tube-shaped organ of around 25 centimeters in length that connects the pharynx to the stomach. The organ extends from approximately the 6th cervical ...Please read the disclaimer. Unremarkable is a term that can be found in radiology reports of all kinds. From X-rays all the way to advanced imaging modalities like CT and MRI. Unremarkable can be used in the body or conclusion of the report. Unremarkable may be used multiple times in a report referring to organs, structures, and even the entire ...Mediastinal neurogenic tumours generally arise as single benign lesions and their typical location is the costovertebral sulcus. In about 10% of cases mediastinal neurogenic tumours may extend to the spinal canal; occasionally they may extend to the cervical region and, more rarely, may be multiple or associated with other synchronous mediastinal lesions. The treatment of choice is ...Mediastinum. Paratracheal stripes. Right thicker than left, should have smooth contours. Lobulation of the contour of the paratracheal region suggests mass(es) or lymphadenopathy. Mediastinal contours. The mediastinum contains the heart, great vessels, lymphoid tissue, major airways, and a number of potential spaces where pathology can occur.

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Inadequate mediastinal drainage in the operating room may also contribute to the development of a deeper chest infection. The patient's own skin flora and the bacteria in the local surgical environment are possible sources of infection as well. Because some bacterial contamination of surgical wounds is inevitable, host risk factors are likely ...It is defined posteriorly by a line drawn 1 cm posterior to the anterior margin of the vertebral bodies. Middle mediastinal structures include the central airways, heart and great vessels, esophagus, and lymph nodes. The posterior mediastinum lies posterior to this and contains the thoracic spine and paravertebral soft tissues.An angiolipoma is a benign tumor, and a primary mediastinal angiolipoma is extremely rare. Herein, we describe the presentation and management of a posterior mediastinal angiolipoma in a woman with loss of consciousness. ... an unremarkable physical examination and normal laboratory findings. Contrast-enhanced chest CT revealed a mass 35 mm in ...Oct 18, 2022 ... examination was unremarkable except for hypoxia requiring 3L of supplemental oxygen. ... Vascular tumors of the mediastinum. Mediastinum. 2020 ...Definition. In pathology, honeycomb lung refers to the characteristic appearance of variably sized cysts in a background of densely scarred lung tissue. Microscopically, enlarged airspaces surrounded by fibrosis with hyperplastic or bronchiolar type epithelium are present. [ 1] However, these changes are nonspecific and are often seen in ...effusion, or pneumothorax . The bony thorax is unremarkable . Impression: No acute cardiopulmonary process ...What does this mean it's results of chest xray ...The staging of mediastinal lymph nodes for lung cancer is crucial for planning treatments or reinterventions. In potentially curable patients the aim of mediastinal staging is to exclude the presence of malignancy in mediastinal lymph nodes with a high level of accuracy while also considering clinical factors and the balance of the benefits and risks of tissue sampling techniques.Abstract. The skeleton of the thorax, commonly referred to as the thoracic cage, is an osseo-cartilaginous framework in the shape of an irregular cone; being narrow superiorly, and broad, inferiorly, and somewhat flattened from front to back. Besides enclosing the thoracic cavity, the thoracic cage also surrounds the upper part of the abdominal ...Background Upside-down stomach (UDS) is characterized by herniation of the entire stomach or most gastric portions into the posterior mediastinum. Symptoms may vary heavily as they are related to reflux and mechanically impaired gastric emptying. UDS is associated with a risk of incarceration and volvulus development which both might be complicated by acute gastric outlet obstruction, advanced ... The most common primary anterior mediastinal tumours are thymoma, teratoma and lymphoma; all other lesions are rare. Nonneoplastic conditions include thymic cysts, lymphangioma and intrathoracic goitre. Understanding the pathology, clinical presentation, imaging and diagnosis of the major tumour types is instrumental in the safe and efficient ... Asymptomatic, history and physical unremarkable. 2 (preoperative or routine) ... The mediastinum has shifted into the left chest because of the expected volume loss from pneumonectomy. We have seen this appearance previously with lobar collapse. Notice how the trachea deviates left as well. This patient's chest x-ray appearance was unchanged ... ….

The thoracic mediastinum is the compartment that runs the length of the thoracic cavity between the pleural sacs of the lungs. This compartment extends longitudinally from the thoracic inlet to the superior surface of the diaphragm. Although there are no physical barriers between compartments other than the pericardium, the mediastinum is ...Mar 1, 1998 ... The remaining physical examination was unremarkable. Laboratory evaluation showed a total white blood cell count of 12,400 per mm3 (12.4 ...Mediastinal mass in this location may be caused by neoplasm, pseudomass, congenital, and infection. ... On admission, hematology, renal, and liver function tests were unremarkable. The patient underwent posterolateral thoracotomy and a yellowish multi-lobulated firm mass (6 × 4.5 × 2.5 cm) was found in the right upper lobe filled with hair ...The thymus can be seen on chest radiographs within 24 hours after birth, then becomes smaller after the age of 2 years. It is rarely seen after the age of 8 years 10. The thymus is seen as a triangular sail ( thymic sail sign) frequently towards the right of the mediastinum. It has no mass effect on vascular structures or airways.The meaning of MEDIASTINUM is the space in the chest between the pleural sacs of the lungs that contains all the tissues and organs of the chest except the lungs and pleurae; also : this space with its contents.The pineal gland is a neuroendocrine organ that comprises a part of the epithalamus, one of the three divisions of the diencephalon. Other components of the epithalamus are the stria medullaris, habenular nuclei, posterior commissure and paraventricular nuclei. The pineal gland, also called the pineal body, develops as an outward projection ...Mediastinum . Great vessels . Pericardium . Scalp . Cranium/Meninges/Dura . Tissues for ancillary testing Microbiology . Blood culture . Snap frozen . Cytogentics . Electron microscopy ... Not examined See surgpath case # Unremarkable placenta, IUFD. Common summary discussions Comment snippetsA number of mediastinal reflections are visible at conventional radiography that represent points of contact between the mediastinum and adjacent lung. The presence or distortion of these reflections is the key to the detection and interpretation of mediastinal abnormalities. Anterior mediastinal masses can be identified when the hilum overlay sign is present and the posterior mediastinal ...We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.Obesity contributes to bigger difficulty in patients with surgical resection and identification of SLNs. The oesophagus is in the posterior mediastinum, it is difficult to recognize lymph node with dye until the mediastinal pleura is opened. Also, in many patients with oesophageal cancer, mediastinal lymph nodes are black due to anthracosis. Mediastinum unremarkable, Mediastinal shift R93.89; Shift. mediastinal R93.89; Thermography (abnormal) R93.89 - see also Abnormal, diagnostic imaging; Thickening. endometrium R93.89; ICD-10-CM Codes Adjacent To R93.89. R93.49 Abnormal radiologic findings on diagnostic imaging of other urinary organs, Jul 16, 2016 · Mediastinum Computed tomography (CT) is indispensable in imaging the mediastinum. Although conventional radiographs can show recognizable abnormalities in many patients with mediastinal pathology, radiographs are limited in their sensitivity and ability to delineate the extent of mediastinal abnormalities and the relationship of masses to specific mediastinal structures. , Heart and Mediastinum: Cardiomediastinal silhouette is within normal limits. Bones: Visualized osseous structures are unremarkable. Impression. In this section, the radiologist summarizes the findings and reports the most important findings that they see and possible causes for those findings. It also has recommendations for any follow-up actions., Symptoms of Mediastinal Tumors. Symptoms of mediastinal tumors may include chest pain, shortness of beath, cough, and other effects. In general, mediastinal tumors are rare. They occur in patients aged 30 to 50 years. In children, tumors are most often found in the posterior (back) mediastinum, arising from the nerves., Mar 1, 1998 ... The remaining physical examination was unremarkable. Laboratory evaluation showed a total white blood cell count of 12,400 per mm3 (12.4 ..., Mediastinal hematoma was defined as "inhomogeneous soft tissue density within the mediastinal fat, with obscuration or obliteration." Chest wall hematoma was defined as "area of soft tissue density causing anatomical alteration." We are aware of the critical limitation for assessment of aortic injury and upper abdominal injury using non ..., A detailed understanding of the structures that make up the normal contours of the heart and mediastinum (cardiomediastinal contour) on chest radiography is essential if abnormalities are to be detected. Frontal view (PA/AP) Right cardiomediastinal contour. From superior to inferior: right paratracheal stripe. seen in two thirds of normal films 1, Benign teratomas of the mediastinum (mature cystic teratomas or “dermoid” tumors) are rare and account for only 3 to 12% of mediastinal tumors.1, 2 Although these tumors have been described in patients with ages ranging from 7 months to 65 years, most occur in young adults, with an approximately equal incidence in males and females.2–4 No …, Introduction. For a thorough mediastinal nodal evaluation including tissue sampling, a variety of techniques are available: endoscopic techniques (e.g., bronchoscopy), radiological methods (e.g., computed tomography, fluoroscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging), nuclear medicine techniques (e.g., positron emission tomography) and surgical procedures (e.g., mediastinoscopy and video-assisted ..., The lung apex (plural: apices) is the largest portion of the human lung, according to AnatomyExpert. It is located in the upper part of the lung, notes Wikipedia. It reaches into the bottom of the neck above the highest rib, above the other lobes of the lung. The apices of the lungs help in filtering air. The two lungs in mammals are on each ..., heart not enlarged 3.mediastinal vessels are normal 4. diaphragm and bony thorax are unremarkable 5.clinical correlation sugg? A doctor has provided 1 ..., Mediastinum The mediastinum is the thoracic area between the 2 pleural cavities. The mediastinum contains vital structures of the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, and nervous systems including the heart and esophagus, and major thoracic vessels. Mediastinum and Great Vessels: Anatomy. Retrosternal space obscured., The thymus can be seen on chest radiographs within 24 hours after birth, then becomes smaller after the age of 2 years. It is rarely seen after the age of 8 years 10. The thymus is seen as a triangular sail ( thymic sail sign) frequently towards the right of the mediastinum. It has no mass effect on vascular structures or airways., abnormal contour, e.g. lymphadenopathy, anterior mediastinal mass. abnormal gas pattern, e.g. pneumomediastinum, hiatus hernia. Heart (cardiac silhouette) assess position (frontal view): normally one-third right of …, Between-center FDG-PET variability in absolute SUVmax obtained from the tumor and the hypermetabolic image with the highest FDG uptake in the mediastinum was statistically significant (p = 0.016 and p < 0.001 respectively; one way ANOVA) (Figs. 1a and 1b).This variability in the mediastinum values disappeared when the SUVmax of the …, Perspectives > KevinMD When 'Unremarkable' Is Not Clear Enough — Radiology reports need to be held to higher standards, argues Saurabh Jha, MD. by Saurabh Jha MD March 10, 2016, Cardiac Silhouette unremarkable is a term used to describe the normal size and shape of the heart as seen on an X-ray. It is an important concept for medical professionals to understand, as it can help them to rule out possible cardiac abnormalities that may be present in a patient. The cardiac Silhouette is usually considered to be normal if ..., British Institute of Radiology homepage - British Institute of Radiology, What does the cardiomediastinal silhouette is unremarkable on a chest x-ray mean? Updated: 9/6/2023. Wiki User. ∙ 12y ago. Best Answer. the lining sac for the heart is within normal limits., Mediastinal Lipomatosis. Mediastinal lipomatosis is the diffuse accumulation of excess unencapsulated fat within the mediastinum. This benign condition is usually seen in adult patients and may be …, Due to large soft tissue mass external to the pericardial sac a CT of the chest was performed for further evaluation with concern for potential mediastinal mass. The CT images revealed bilateral prominent paracadial fat pads without necrosis or inflammatory changes, see Fig. 3. There is normally some adipose tissue in the cardiophrenic space ..., A detailed understanding of the structures that make up the normal contours of the heart and mediastinum (cardiomediastinal contour) on chest radiography is essential if abnormalities are to be detected. Frontal view (PA/AP) Right cardiomediastinal contour. From superior to inferior: right paratracheal stripe. seen in two thirds of normal films 1, Best Answer. Pulmonary vascular means that the blood vessels in the heart and lung region looks normal and no problems were found. If something was found then it is possible to have pulmonary ..., A. Mediastinal window of initial enhanced (10-mm collimation) CT scan obtained at the level of the aortopulmonary window shows two esophageal lumina : an air-filled smaller inner lumen (open arrow) is surrounded by a hematoma-filled larger outer lumen (closed arrow). A thin enhancing esophageal rim suggests the presence of mucosal lining., The stomach and duodenum were unremarkable. Computed tomography scan demonstrated enlarged paratreacheal and bilateral hilar lymph nodes. Therein, endoscopic ultrasound was used to further evaluate the esophagus and to obtain a biopsy of the mediastinal lymphadenopathy., 3 doctors weighed in across 2 answers. A member asked: I just got my xray result , what does this mean? 1. probable right paracardiac pneumonitis and ipsilateral apicopleural 2. heart not enlarged 3.mediastinal vessels are normal 4. diaphragm and bony thorax are unremarkable 5.clinical correlation sugg? A doctor has provided 1 answer., Past medical history included atrial fibrillation, hypertension, hypothyroidism, asthma and IgA nephropathy. Examination was unremarkable. CT chest demonstrated mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy, and a small, non-specific left-sided pulmonary nodule. An EBUS-TBNA was performed on the mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes., The same applies to lymph nodes along the costal, mediastinal and diaphragmatic pleura and the term juxtapleural was introduced to include these. Unfortunately, the term does not have a consistent meaning throughout the radiology literature and has been abandoned by the 2024 Fleischner glossary 11. Radiographic features CT, Mediastinal lesions, including lymphadenopathy, masses, aneurysm, dilatation of the thoracic aorta, and mediastinal hematoma, generally manifest on CXR images as contour abnormalities of the mediastinum (Fig 15). They also may cause alterations of the normal mediastinal lines, that is, the interfaces between mediastinal structures and the ..., In many cases, the results will be “normal” or “unremarkable.”. This means that the scan did not show anything unusual or worrying. It’s good news. “Normal” means that the result is exactly what the radiologist would expect to see in a healthy person. “Unremarkable” can mean that there are some unusual features, but that they ..., Abstract. This chapter will review the anatomy of the mediastinum and pulmonary cavities within the thorax and their contents. The wall of the thorax and its associated muscles, nerves, and vessels will be covered in relationship to respiration. The surface anatomical landmarks that designate deeper anatomical structures and sites of access and ..., The mediastinum is defined as the area between the lungs and is laterally bounded by the mediastinal pleura, superiorly bounded by the thoracic inlet, inferiorly bounded by the diaphragm, anteriorly bounded by the sternum, and posteriorly bounded by the vertebral bodies [1,2,3,4,5,6].There are a wide variety of diseases that arise in the middle and posterior mediastinum, and some relatively ..., Even if diagnostic performance of chest CT scan is not sufficient to exclude or confirm small pleural abnormalities, it is crucial to assess mediastinal and diaphragmatic pleural surface, pleura behind ribs or shoulder blades, lung fissures, lung parenchyma, central nodules, or peripheral lung abnormalities not reaching pleural surface.