National labor union apush definition

APUSH Unit 11 Vocab 1. Term. 1 / 51. Good Neighbor Policy. Click the card to flip 👆. Definition. 1 / 51. The United State's policy with Latin America stating that no nation has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another, but the United States would participate in reciprocal exchanges with Latin American countries ...

APUSH LABOR UNION REVIEW Gilded Age and Rise of National Labor Unions (1860s-1900) - Second Industrial Revolution resulted in economic expansion and developments of industries - Owners thrived with monopolies, cheap labor, limited regulation leading to the robber barons - In response to cheap wages, poor working conditions, and unfair business practices, labor unions began organizing on a ...Apush Labor Movements. - few opportunities to express discontentment regarding working conditions. Was one example of inhumane labor conditions in America during the Industrial Revolution., - Francis Cabot Lowell est. factory in 1814 at Waltham, Massachusetts. First factory in the world to manufacture cotton cloth by power machinery in a building.labour movement. political unionism. National Labor Union (NLU), in U.S. history, a political-action movement that from 1866 to 1873 sought to improve working …The two most famous unions were the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). Membership in the unions grew steadily over this time period, and union leaders organized strikes to demand better working conditions (although many of the strikes were unsuccessful). Period 7 (1890-1945)Through a couple years of fighting, the Republic of China moved to Taiwan as the Peoples Republic of China stayed in the mainland. the hydrogen bomb, 1000 x more powerful than the atomic bomb. The first was detonated in 1952, and the soviets responded in 1953. Thus started the nuclear arms race and the cold war.e. Labor unions represent United States workers in many industries recognized under US labor law since the 1935 enactment of the National Labor Relations Act. Their activity today centers on collective bargaining over wages, benefits, and working conditions for their membership, and on representing their members in disputes with management over ...Immigration Act of 1917. required a literacy test for new immigrants entering the US and barred immigration from most of the Asian-Pacific area, this law was passed over Wilson's veto. Immigration Act of 1921. Emergency Quota Act, limited the number of immigrants entering the US, allow 3% of the size of each nationality living in the US in the ...

APUSH - Chapter 36 (The Cold War Begins) Teacher 21 terms. scottdesbois. Preview. APUSH Chapter 41 Key Terms. ... became a major factor in the 1950 economy. labor unions represented a large protion of America's work field. After national healthcare lost, bargaining was the way to gain more social secuirty, company-paid health insurance, and a ...The Wagner Act definition is a piece of legislation aimed at expanding and protecting workers' rights.Officially called the National Labor Relations Act of 1935, the Wagner Act was one of the ...The May 4, 1886, rally at Haymarket Square was organized by labor radicals to protest the killing and wounding of several workers by the Chicago police during a strike the day before at the ...APUSH Ch. 17. Definition: The Farmers' Alliance was a group of farmers, principally in the South and West, that sought to improve farmers' conditions. The Alliance provided loans to farmers and sold their crops. Historical significance: The Farmers' Alliance set up the base for the Populists, a political party composed similarly of southern and ...APUSH: American History Chapter Review Videos; America's History, 8th Edition Chapter Review Videos; American Pageant Chapter Review Videos; Give Me Liberty!, 4th Edition Chapter Review Videos; New APUSH Curriculum. AP US History Curriculum Period Reviews In 10 Minutes! AP US History Curriculum: Period 1 (1491 - 1607)

The National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 (NIRA) was one of the most important and daring measures of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. It was enacted during the famous First Hundred Days of his first term in office and was the centerpiece of his initial efforts to reverse the economic collapse of the Great Depression. NIRA was ...4 main goals of the knights of labor. 1. attack the unjust accumulation of wealth. 2. equal pay for equal work. 3. child labor laws. 4. 8 hour work day. what was published to attack the unjust accumulation of wealth- by whom- what did it say? communist manifesto. by karl marx. said the world was made of conflict between rich and poor with both ...AFL. American Federation of Labor. A union of skilled workers from one or more trades which focused on collective bargaining (negotiation between labor and management) to reach written agreements on wages hours and working conditions. The AFL used strikes as a major tactic to win higher wages and shorter work weeks.By the mid-1950s, unions in the US had successfully organized approximately one out of every three non-farm workers. This period represented the peak of labor's power, as the ranks of unionized ...Sharecropping was a system of work for freedmen who were employed in the cotton industry. This system traded a freedmen's labor for the use of a house, land, and sometimes further accommodations.They would usually give half or more of their grown crop to their landlords. A new wave of immigrants, from eastern and southern Europe, frightened ...

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AP United States History 2000 Scoring Guidelines. The materials included in these files are intended for non-commercial use by AP teachers for course and exam preparation; permission for any other use must be sought from the Advanced Placement Program. Teachers may reproduce them, in whole or in part, in limited quantities, for face-to-face ...Key Concepts. 7.1: Growth expanded opportunity, while economic instability led to new efforts to reform U.S. society and its economic system.. 7.2: Innovations in communications and technology contributed to the growth of mass culture, while significant changes occurred in internal and international migration patterns.. 7.3: Participation in a series of global conflicts propelled the United ... This first national labor organization in US history was founded in 1866 and gained 600,000 members from many parts of the workforce, although it limited the participation of Chinese, women, and blacks. The organization devoted much of its energy to fighting for an eight-hour workday before it dissolved in 1872 Period 6 APUSH Questions. 36 terms. cbhaynes23. Preview. Myers' Psychology for AP®, 2e, Module 45. Teacher 7 terms. BFW_Publishers. Preview. ... Labor unions typically campaigned for 8 hour work days. The chart omitted the years of the panic and depression of 1893. ... The national government, says the court, has the Constitutional power to ...Harding was kind of a bad president, and had really high tariffs and strict immigration laws. He also had many scandals and then died mysteriously. Grant also had a tarnished legacy because of scandals that weren't directly related to him, but slightly involved him. Both presidents were elected after wars, for Grant being a war hero, and ...

APUSH PERIOD 6: 1865-1898 EXPLAINED: Period 6 Key Concept Organizer. GILDED AGE POLITICS: ... Vertical integration, monopoly, Social Darwinism, Gospel of Wealth, Sherman Anti-Trust Act, National Labor Union, Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor, Great Railroad Strike, Haymarket Bombing, Homestead Strike, Pullman Strike ...By 1959, Congress concluded that further reforms were needed to address gaps in both the Wagner Act and the Taft-Hartley Act. In the fall of 1959, President Dwight Eisenhower signed into law the new Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (Landrum- Griffin Act) that amended Taft-Hartley so that: State courts and state labor relations ...Dec 27, 2022 · Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR), the 32nd president of the United States, sought to fight the worst parts of the Great Depression through his legislative agenda, nicknamed the New Deal. This changed the role of the federal government in new ways (mostly by expanding it) and changed the alignment of political parties (this is one of two major ... It provided a national labor union for unskilled workers, unlike the AFL, which limited itself to skilled workers. Keynesian Economics Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.Terms : 359982829. Election of 1932. The Republicans nominated Herbert Hoover to run for president in the election of 1932. The Democrats chose Franklin Delano Roosevelt. He had been born to a wealthy New York family and served as the governor of New York. 359982830. Eleanor Roosevelt. FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. 1. sheltered markets were fragile such as the lead firms were loosing market shares. 2. unions in the South failed to organize. 3. Americans knew that bargaining would not last so it was undenable that a more competitive environment would begin. Federal Housing Administration. and. Background and Scope Introduction | The Photos | The Photo Captions | Collection Strengths Introduction Founded in 1904, the National Child Labor Committee set out on a mission of "promoting the rights, awareness, dignity, well-being and education of children and youth as they relate to work and working." Starting in 1908, the Committee hired Lewis W. Hine (1874-1940), first on a temporary and ...The labor movement in the United States was formed around the need to protect people's interests in the workforce. The labor movement organized unions, fought for fair wages, reasonable working ...

odd definitions for APUSH Unit 7 key terms Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free. ... Roman Catholic 'radio priest' who founded the National Union for Social Justice in 1934, he promoted schemes for the coinage of silver and made a Hacks on bankers that carried growing overtones of anti-Semitism, He was one of the first political ...

company union. first adapted by the Colorado Fuel and Iron company in 1915, it was a company sponsored labor union that was dominated by the management. The workers wanted unions and got them but they were controlled by the management. so the company had the final word on the labor policy. Great Railroad Strike, 1877.APUSH Chapter 25. Get a hint. Jane Adams. Click the card to flip 👆. Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English. Click the card to ...The party, like many of the others in US political history, was fragmented. Although nearly every cross-section of society found membership in the party, debates raged between reform vs. revolution. Both unions and cooperatives were supported, but the American Federation of Labor, one of the country’s biggest unions, hated the party.APUSH Labor Union Movement Flashcards | Quizlet. Term. 1 / 18. Knights of Labor. Click the card to flip 👆. Definition. 1 / 18. labor union established to carry out long-range humanitarian reforms; admitted all workers; like regulation, not strikes; unrealistic goals. Click the card to flip 👆. Flashcards. Learn. Test. Match. reaganroden.Apr 2, 2021. Twelve questions designed to help students review for the annual exam and that relate to those who would engage in some kind of unskilled and often physically hard work for wages between 1870–1900. The Gilded Age began shortly before the start of America’s Second Industrial Revolution and ended ten years after the start of the ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 24.1 - 24.5: The federal government contributed to the building of the national rail network by, 24.1 - 24.5: The two railroads that joined to create the first transcontinental line in 1869 were the, 24.1 - 24.5: Two crucial innovations making the railroad system possible were and more.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Why were organized labors formed? `, What were some tactics used by labor unions?, What were some tactics used by owners again unions? and more.National American Woman's Suffrage Association. Formed by the merger of the "liberal" National Woman's Suffrage Association and the "conservative" American Woman's Suffrage Association in 1890. Main goal was to win woman's suffrage. Carrie Chapman Catt. Second generation feminist leader who sought to minimize controversy in 1915.Apr 2, 2021 · During the Gilded Age, labor increasingly sought to organize local and national unions. One of the first large-scale U.S. unions was the National Labor Union, founded shortly before the start of the Gilded Age. This union sought to organize skilled and unskilled laborers, farmers, and factory workers. The American Federation of Labor, founded by Samuel Gompers, fares much better. The AFL was a skilled labor union and thus carried a bit more leverage into the negotiating room and was more effective in improving conditions for its members. The Strikes. Labor unions used the strike as a means to combat poor working conditions and low wages.

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Unions are organizations of workers who join together as a group to bargain with the owners of the businesses that employ them. Unions bargain with owners for higher …A nationwide conflict between labor unions and railroads that began in 1894 when employees of the Pullman Palace Car Company began a strike in response to recent reductions in wages, bringing traffic west of Chicago to a halt; "a struggle between the greatest and most important labor organization and the entire railroad capital"; President Grover Cleveland ordered federal troops to Chicago to ... APUSH Labor Union Movement. Term. 1 / 18. Knights of Labor. Click the card to flip 👆. Definition. 1 / 18. labor union established to carry out long-range humanitarian reforms; admitted all workers; like regulation, not strikes; unrealistic goals. Click the card to flip 👆. APUSH 31 The Fair Deal and Containment. 36 terms. JES2017. Preview. APUSH Chapter 38. 29 terms. avmori. ... the 1947 law contained a number of provisions to control labor unions, including the banning of closed shops. ... created the National Security Council, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the National Military Establishment (later ...Preview. Ch.2 Resolivng conflict in the marketplace PART 1. 40 terms. elizabethmurphy497. Preview. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What is a trade union?, What happened in the Great Railroad Strike of 1877?, What was the most prominent protest group after the Civil War? and more.Overview. Politics in the Gilded Age were characterized by scandal and corruption, but voter turnout reached an all-time high. The Republican Party supported business and industry with a protective tariff and hard money policies. The Democratic Party opposed the tariff and eventually adopted the free silver platform.Definition: In agriculture, the replacement of human labor with technology or machines. Significance: helped to dramatically increase the productivity of land in the 1870s and 1880s. This process contributed to the consolidation of agricultural business that drove many family farms out of existence. Populists.apush unit 9 notes. 1935; established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.Knights of Labor. Terence V. Powderly. Albert Parsons and August Spies. Haymarket. Coxey's Army. Eugene Debs. socialist party. United Mine Workers of America. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like American Federation of Labor (AFL), Samuel Gompers, Knights of Labor and more.The American Federation of Labor was a group made up of various craft and trade unions whose goals were to gain collective bargaining powers for its member unions so that they coul...APUSH with Mr. Johnson: Home Units AP & SOL Test Prep Improve Your Grade Contact Me The Labor Movement. Essential Questions. How successful were labor unions in improving the lives of workers in the late 1800s and early 1900s? ... DBQ 2000: Impact of Labor Unions, 1875-1900. dbq_2000_-_impact_of_labor_unions_1875-1900.pdf: File Size: 159 kb ...Eugene V. Debs (born November 5, 1855, Terre Haute, Indiana, U.S.—died October 20, 1926, Elmhurst, Illinois) was a labour organizer and Socialist Party candidate for U.S. president five times between 1900 and 1920. (Read George Bernard Shaw's 1926 Britannica essay on socialism.) Debs left home at age 14 to work in the railroad shops and ... ….

Through a dramatic plot centering on a young woman sickened from overwork in a non-union bookbinding shop, and a young labor organizer who befriends her and helps her launch a shop union, Labor's Reward delivered two messages: (1) labor unions provide a fair and reasonable process for balancing the worker-employer relationship; (2) buying …Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force. Progressives. reformers who worked to stop unfair practices by businesses and improve the way government works. apush ch 28-31.Progressive movement. A movement, or groups of different reform movements, that took place at the turn of the 20th century until WWI directly caused by industrialization and urbanization. This movement sought to improve life in the industrial age by making moderate political changes and social improvements through governmental action.The Kheel Center contains many primary artifacts and documents that illuminate labor and workplace history - specifically, of the needle trades, railroads, teachers, arbitration, mediation, and management theory. Many of the Kheel Center's collections are described in finding aids. The resources listed in the Electronic Primary Sources box are ...APUSH - New Deal. 14 terms. annaristuccia. Preview. APUSH Chapter 36 (Unit 13) 39 terms. ahmelay922. ... Also known as the National Labor Relations Act, this law protected the right of labor to organize in unions and bargain collectively with employers, and established the National Labor Relations Board to monitor unfair labor practices on the ...8-Hour Work Day. On August 20, 1866, the newly organized National Labor Union called on Congress to mandate an eight-hour workday. A coalition of skilled and unskilled workers, farmers, and reformers, the National Labor Union was created to pressure Congress to enact labor reforms. It dissolved in 1873 following a disappointing venture into ...Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force. Progressives. reformers who worked to stop unfair practices by businesses and improve the way government works. apush ch 28-31.Harding was kind of a bad president, and had really high tariffs and strict immigration laws. He also had many scandals and then died mysteriously. Grant also had a tarnished legacy because of scandals that weren't directly related to him, but slightly involved him. Both presidents were elected after wars, for Grant being a war hero, and ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like National Labor Union, Horizontal Integration, Social Darwinists and more. National labor union apush definition, Skilled workers formed early labor unions before the Civil War, which joined together to form the National Labor Union. They advocated the 8 hour work day and were concerned with social reforms such as equal rights for women, establishing worker communes, and prohibition. The union did not support strikes., Quiz yourself with questions and answers for APUSH Vocab Quiz Chapter 24, so you can be ready for test day. ... It provided a national labor union for unskilled workers, unlike the AFL, which limited itself to skilled workers. ... Choose matching definition. Plunge in stock market prices that marked the beginning of the Great Depression., Part 4: Civil Rights Unionism, "Operation Dixie," and the Birth of the ACTWU. In the 1940s a poignant chapter in North Carolina labor union and civil rights history was written in Winston-Salem, where 10,000 tobacco manufacturing workers, the majority of them African American, used their union to challenge the severe racial discrimination ..., Labor organizations that typically focused on one type of skilled labor. National Labor Union First attempt to organize all workers in all states and its chief victory was winning the eight-hour day for federal government workers, but it lost support after failed strikes and economic downturns., National Labor UnionUnited States 1866SynopsisThe first congress of the National Labor Union (NLU) was held in Baltimore, Maryland, on 20-23 August 1866. The purpose of …, The Pullman Strike (May-July 1894) was a widespread railroad strike and boycott that disrupted rail traffic in the U.S. Midwest in June-July 1894. Responding to layoffs, wage cuts, and firings, workers at Pullman Palace Car Company in Chicago went on strike, and, eventually, some 125,000-250,000 railroad workers in 27 states joined their cause, stifling the national rail network west of ..., Ludlow Massacre, attack on striking coal miners and their families by the Colorado National Guard and Colorado Fuel and Iron Company guards at Ludlow, Colorado, on April 20, 1914, resulting in the deaths of 25 people, including 11 children.. About 10,000 miners under the direction of the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) had been on strike since September 13, 1913, protesting low pay and ..., The National Labor Union (NLU) was one of the first of these groups, formed in 1866, it sought to improve the rights and working conditions of all workers, regardless of their trade or skill level. They fought for an eight-hour workday, greater equality in the workplace, and the right to organize., APUSH- Labor Unions, Cases, and Strikes. Get a hint. Pullman Strike Cause. Click the card to flip 👆. -Pullman workers wages dropped 25% and laid off 2,000 due to Panic of 1873. - George Pullman refused to meet workers request for higher wages and better conditions. Click the card to flip 👆. 1 / 28. , Records of Regions V, VI, XI, and Select Industry Commissions President Franklin D. Roosevelt established the National War Labor Board (NWLB) within the Office of Emergency Management on January 12, 1942 under Executive Order 9017. The Board was composed of 12 members, four representatives each of industry, labor, and the public. The Board's primary responsibility was to peacefully settle ..., The National Basketball Association (NBA) records a variety of statistics for each team. Four of these statistics are the proportion of games won (PCT), the proportion of field goals made by the team (FG%), the proportion of three-point shots made by the team's opponent (Opp 3 Pt%), and the number of turnovers committed by the team's ..., The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 is a United States federal statute that ensures the right of private sector employees to organize into trade unions, have a hand in collective bargaining ..., APUSH Labor Union Movement Flashcards | Quizlet. Term. 1 / 18. Knights of Labor. Click the card to flip 👆. Definition. 1 / 18. labor union established to carry out long-range humanitarian reforms; admitted all workers; like regulation, not strikes; unrealistic goals. Click the card to flip 👆. Flashcards. Learn. Test. Match. reaganroden., By the mid-1950s, unions in the US had successfully organized approximately one out of every three non-farm workers. This period represented the peak of labor’s power, as the ranks of unionized ..., Congress of the Industrial Organizations. (CIO) Proposed be John L. Lewis in 1932, the CIO was a federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions in the US and Canada from 1935 to 1955. Supported FDR, the New Deal, and allowed African-American entry, merged with the AFL to make the CIO-AFL in 1955., Video transcript. - [Voiceover] This is the third in a series of videos about answering the document based question, or DBQ on the AP U.S. History Exam. In the last video, we started taking a look at and analyzing some of the primary documents provided for this exam., Eric Foner on ideas of freedom following the Civil War. Period 1 Unit: Initial Contact (1491-1607) Period 3 Unit: The Rise of the American Republic (1754-1800) Period 4 Unit: The Rise of the American Republic (1800-1848) Period 5 Unit: Manifest Destiny, Civil War & Reconstruction (1844-1877) Period 6 Unit: The Gilded Age (1865-1898), what were the goals of knights of labor. broad economic and social reform. - shorter work days. - higher wages. - big but broad goals. what were the methods of the knights of labor. labor strikes (they won a few times in the beginning) - arbitration. arbitration., APUSH with Mr. Johnson: Home Units AP & SOL Test Prep Improve Your Grade Contact Me The Labor Movement. Essential Questions. How successful were labor unions in improving the lives of workers in the late 1800s and early 1900s? ... DBQ 2000: Impact of Labor Unions, 1875-1900. dbq_2000_-_impact_of_labor_unions_1875-1900.pdf: File Size: 159 kb ..., 1. sheltered markets were fragile such as the lead firms were loosing market shares. 2. unions in the South failed to organize. 3. Americans knew that bargaining would not last so it was undenable that a more competitive environment would begin. Federal Housing Administration. and., 2. Championed the National Labor Relations Act creating the National Labor Relations Board, which mediated disputes between unions and corporations, and greatly expanded the rights of workers by banning many "unfair labor practices" and guaranteeing all workers the right to form a union. 736357867: Margaret Mead: 1., Knights of Labor: a second national labor union that began as a secret society. It went public in 1881, opening membership to all including African Americans and women. The union advocated for forming worker cooperatives, abolishing child labor, abolishing trusts and monopolies, and settling labor disputes by arbitration instead of strikes., Through a couple years of fighting, the Republic of China moved to Taiwan as the Peoples Republic of China stayed in the mainland. the hydrogen bomb, 1000 x more powerful than the atomic bomb. The first was detonated in 1952, and the soviets responded in 1953. Thus started the nuclear arms race and the cold war., Prep for the AP exam with questions that mimic the test! Play exam simulation. The one thing you need to know about this theme: The Development of National Identity. America is a powerful nation (which powers, granted, have also been abused at times). We are one of the world’s strongest military powers and have an enormous reputation in the ..., Unions became more popular during the Market Revolution as workers sought to improve their rights and conditions in the workplace. The Commonwealth v. Hunt case in 1842 established the legality of labor unions and the right of union workers to strike if an employer hired non-union workers. Unions played a key role in the labor movement of …, federal government should only dissolve monopolies that violated the law. economy would profit from an increase in the number of small, family-owned businesses. federal government should own all monopolies. 20 of 20. Quiz yourself with questions and answers for APUSH Final Exam #2, so you can be ready for test day., Unions are organizations of workers who join together as a group to bargain with the owners of the businesses that employ them. Unions bargain with owners for higher …, APUSH- Chapter 22: Fighting for the Four Freedoms, WWII. 18 terms. Nicholas_Cameron3. Preview. 21-40. ... National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) 1935. allowed people to join unions without fear. protected against strike. gave labor a voice. Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act (SCDA) 1936., an alliance of skilled workers in craft unions; concentrated on brea-and-butter issues such as higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions. The Great Railroad Strike. 1877, provoked by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad's decision to cut wages for the second time in a year; remembered as the first general strike in American history;, AP United States History 2000 Scoring Guidelines. The materials included in these files are intended for non-commercial use by AP teachers for course and exam preparation; permission for any other use must be sought from the Advanced Placement Program. Teachers may reproduce them, in whole or in part, in limited quantities, for face-to-face ..., Amsco APUSH Chapter 26. Servicemen's Readjustment Act (GI Bill) Click the card to flip 👆. Signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 22, 1944, this act, also known as the GI Bill, provided veterans of the Second World War funds for college education, unemployment insurance, and housing. Click the card to flip 👆., July 16, 1877 - c. July 31, 1877. Location: United States. Great Railroad Strike of 1877, series of violent rail strikes across the United States in 1877. That year the country was in the fourth year of a prolonged economic depression after the panic of 1873. The strikes were precipitated by wage cuts announced by the Baltimore and Ohio (B&O ..., This 1869 organization was the first truly national labor union under the direction of Terrence Powderly, who accepted skilled/unskilled workers as well as women and African Americans, in order to pursue a loose goal of cooperative business (workers own the business and vote on what to do), the 8 hour workday, termination of child labor, and equal pay for women/African Americans that ...