Ap physics c grade calculator

Score big on 🎡 AP Physics 1! Our calculator breaks down 5-point secrets. Crush MCQs & the free response sections on your next AP exam! ... Some teachers do this remotely and grade online, others are physically in person reading essays. They sit together at tables in huge conference centers for ~1 week to go through every single essay.

She also worked as an editorial intern for the Wake Forest University Press as well as a visiting lecturer in the Department of English at WFU, and currently works as a writing center director in western North Carolina. AP Physics 2 Score Calculator - Use of AP Physics 2 calculator to help you prepare to ace the exam in May 2024.Physics C Electricity (0) Computer Science (2) Government. US Government (1) Comparative Gov. (0) ... / 7 Question 3 Score: / 7 Composite Score: 120 / 120 (approx) AP Grade: 5 / 5 Find your score: 2016 2006 2001 * Estimate only View study guides (1) This calculator is based on the 2016 released exam with the latest scoring guidelines, such …AP® Physics 2 Score Calculator By Zinkerz School entrance exams are required for many students to gain admittance to private schools. Students spend time learning how to maximize their scores on the exams and learn concepts and test-taking skills. Schedule a Consultation ENTER YOUR SCORES Find out how we can help you. Become a […]Since there is not much data for this exam, scores for the previous incarnation of these exams from 2011-2014 have been included for comparison. For Physics 1, 39.8% of test-takers passed, and 4.6% earned a 5. The scores were significantly better in Physics 2, where 61.4% of test-takers passed and 9.5% earned a 5.The AP Physics C: Mechanics Exam is 1 hour and 30 minutes long. It consists of two sections: multiple-choice and free-response. The multiple-choice section lasts for 45 minutes and contains 35 questions, while the free-response section also lasts for 45 minutes and consists of three questions.On most AP exams, a 50% will likely result in an AP score of 3. However, scoring a 50% on some of the harder AP exams such as AP Physics C: Electricity & …AP Physics 1 - Student Samples from the 2023 Exam Administration. Question 2: Experimental Design. 12 points. (i) For indicating two quantities that, when graphed together, produce a straight line whose slope can be used to determine the acceleration a. Example Response.

AP Physics 2 Test Score Calculator Multiple Choice Right: / 50 Multiple Choice Percent: 100% Design: / 10 Translation: / 12 Short Answer 1: / 12 Short Answer 2: / 10 Composite Score: 99 / 100 (approx) AP Grade: 5 / 5 Find your score: Dec 19, 2018 ... Physics Ninja demonstrates how to find the tension in the strings. We draw the free body diagram for the masses and write down Newton's laws ...2022 AP Exam Administration Score Distributions: AP Physics C Mechanics Author: College Board Subject: AP; Advanced Placement; ADA Keywords "2022 AP Exam Administration ; Score Distributions; scoring information; scoring resources; exam information; teacher resources; "; Created Date: 10/5/2022 1:33:40 PMFree Response. Assessments. Overview. Looking for an AP® Physics 1 score calculator? Click here for this and more tips for your test! Practice questions in the fundamentals of physics while you review topics from classical dynamics to modern quantum mechanics with Albert's AP® Physics 1 exam prep.A 3.5 grade point average, or GPA, equals an A in letter grades. The GPA is a measurement of academic achievement at an educational institution. There are various GPA calculators a...Advanced Placement (AP) Physics C: Mechanics (also known as AP Mechanics) is an introductory physics course administered by the College Board as part of its Advanced Placement program. It is intended to serve as a proxy for a one-semester calculus-based university course in mechanics.The content of Physics C: Mechanics overlaps with that of AP Physics 1, but Physics 1 is algebra-based, while ...Explore math with our beautiful, free online graphing calculator. Graph functions, plot points, visualize algebraic equations, add sliders, animate graphs, and more.Wondering how your AP® Physics C: Mechanics score is determined? Then check out this interactive AP® Physics C: Mechanics score calculator! Just input numbers or adjust the sliders for the multiple-choice and free-response sections. You’ll get an immediate score calculation.

Score big on ⚙️ AP Physics C: Mechanics! Our calculator breaks down 5-point secrets. Crush MCQs & the free response sections on your next AP exam! ... AP Score Calculators Guides Practice Quizzes Glossary All Events My Stuff. Light. All AP Score Calculators. AP Physics C: Mechanics. ⚙️ AP Physics C: Mechanics - Score Calculator. Fill ...The Student Success Center is the headquarters for student support. A signature Student Success program is the Academic Excellence Workshops (AEW). Students register for AEWs at the beginning of the semester and they meet weekly with their workshop groups. These workshops are aligned with key courses such as calculus, statistics, dynamics, etc.Section 1 consists of multiple-choice questions (MCQs) while Section 2 has free-response questions. Each section accounts for 50% of the total weight you can score on the exam. During the 3-hour duration of the exam, you will be required to answer 50 multiple-choice questions and five free-response questions.The AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism Exam will test your understanding of the scientific concepts covered in the course units, as well as your ability to use calculus when solving problems related to electrostatics, electromagnetism, and more. You can use a four-function, scientific, or graphing calculator throughout the exam, and you ...The AP Physics 1 Exam will take place on Friday,May 17, 2024. What to Bring to the AP Physics Exam. You should bring the following items to the AP Physics Exam: two sharpened No. 2 pencils with erasers (for the multiple-choice section) two black or blue ink pens (for the free-response section) a calculator (see here for the offical AP ...Jan 29, 2024 · What is a good AP® Chemistry score? Scores of 3, 4, or 5 are considered “passing” scores on the AP® Chemistry Exam. The College Board describes a 3 as ‘qualified,’ 4 as ‘well qualified,’ and a 5 as ‘extremely well qualified.’. Scores of 3 or higher may qualify you for college credit, but many colleges and universities will ...

How to use twilight menu.

The AP Physics 1 exam is three hours long and consists of two sections: a multiple-choice section and a free-response section. AP Physics 1 Section. Timing. Number of Questions. Multiple Choice. 90 minutes. 45 single-select: discrete questions and questions in sets with one correct answer.When planning a trip or calculating fuel costs, it’s essential to know the mileage between two locations. However, it’s important to understand that the distance isn’t solely deter...AP CentralAP® Physics C: Mechanics. Looking for an AP® Physics C: Mechanics score calculator? Click here for this and more tips for your test! Dive into intensive exam prep of calculus-based physics and review the many theories and applications of classical mechanics with Albert's AP® Physics C practice questions.The AP Physics C Mechanics Score Calculator takes the scores from both sections into account. It calculates your total score, which is then converted into a scaled …

Teachers:Explore Resources. Find course and exam descriptions (CEDs), learn about the AP Course Audit, and access free online AP instructional resources through AP Classroom, such as AP Daily videos and progress checks. View Resources for AP Teachers. Go to AP Central Course Pages.She also worked as an editorial intern for the Wake Forest University Press as well as a visiting lecturer in the Department of English at WFU, and currently works as a writing center director in western North Carolina. AP Physics 2 Score Calculator - Use of AP Physics 2 calculator to help you prepare to ace the exam in May 2024.AP Physics 1 Score Calculator. To estimate your potential score on the AP® Physics 1 exam, adjust the sliders below to reflect your performance on the multiple-choice section and the five free-response questions. The score calculator's curve is based on the most recently available scoring guidelines. Section I: Part A - Multiple Choice. 25 /50.2022 AP Score Distributions. See how students performed on each AP Exam for the exams administered in 2022. PDF. 4.42 KB. 2023 AP score distribution tables show the percentages of 1s, 2s, 3s, 4s, and 5s for each AP subject for all AP students.This calculator is based on the 2016* released exam with the latest scoring guidelines, such as these. Your score on the grading curve: Why is my grade curved? Once the total composite scores are calculated, Collegeboard curves them differently each year to keep consistent standards and regular pass rates, which means we can only estimate based ...Grade distributions for the 2004 AP Physics C: Mechanics Exam. AP Central. Home; About AP. AP at a Glance; Start and Expand Your AP Program; Explore AP by Role; 2023-24 AP School Year Timeline; AP Collaborations and Outreach; What AP Stands For; How AP Develops Courses and Exams; AP Data and Research ...The AP Physics 1 exam is one of the longer AP exams, clocking in at three hours. It comprises two sections: one section of multiple-choice questions, and one section of free-response questions. Section 1: Multiple Choice. 1 hour 30 minutes | 50 questions | 50% of score. The first section of the AP Physics 1 exam contains 50 multiple-choice ...Definition. The AP Psychology test calculator falls under the category of educational tools. It specifically calculates a student's scaled score based on the raw score obtained in the AP Psychology exam. This calculator adheres to the College Board's scoring guidelines, converting raw scores into a scale of 1 to 5, where each scaled score ...This video goes over 15 AP Physics 1 tips for overall studying, the multiple-choice section, as well as the free response (FRQ) section to help you pass the ...In 2018, 170,653 students took the AP Physics 1 exam, and they earned a mean score of 2.36. Note that this is by far the lowest mean score of all AP exams—in general, students who take the AP Physics 1 exam are less prepared than those who take any other AP subject. Since most colleges who do allow credit for the exam require a score of a 4 ...

Scoring Distributions from the 2023 AP Exam Administration Author: College Board Subject: AP; Advanced Placement Keywords: Scoring Distributions from the 2023 AP Exam Administration; scoring information; scoring resources; exam information; exam resources; teacher resources; non-ADA Created Date: 10/5/2023 12:44:12 PM

There are 55 possible multiple choice points (1 point per question) worth 45% of your score, and 3 essays (worth 9 points each) for 27 possible points worth 55% of your score. This is the calculator we are using: (Multiple Choice Score x 1.23) + (Essays x 3.05) = Total Score. That total score is translated to the final composite AP score of 1-5 ...Advanced Placement; AP; Score Distributions; 2021 AP Exam Administration; scoring information; global score distributions; teacher resources; exam resources; exam information; ADA Created Date 10/5/2021 4:46:22 PMAP Exam Grading Changes! The Collegeboard has changed the way that AP tests are going to be graded! Starting with the 2011 tests (for the 2010-2011 school year) you will not be penalized for guessing on the multiple choice section of your test. Because this will make AP tests easier, the grading curves used for each test compensate and make it more …The AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism Exam includes questions posed in a laboratory or experimental setting. ... Students will be allowed to use a calculator on the entire AP Physics C: Mechanics and AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism Exams, including both the multiple-choice and free-response sections. Scientific or graphing ...AP Physics C Mechanics Practice Test 2: Newton's Laws. AP Physics C Mechanics Practice Test 3: Work, Energy, and Power. AP Physics C Mechanics Practice Test 4: Linear Momentum. AP Physics C Mechanics Practice Test 5: Rotational Motion. AP Physics C Mechanics Practice Test 6: Laws of Gravitation.IB CREDIT. IB credit can be granted either from the International Baccalaureate Diploma, or individual Higher Level Exams. You can receive either 20 units of credit from the IB Diploma with a score of 30 or higher, or 6 semester units of credit for each score of 5, 6, or 7 on Higher Level exams, up to the maximum of four exams, whichever is higher.Score big on 🎡 AP Physics 1! Our calculator breaks down 5-point secrets. Crush MCQs & the free response sections on your next AP exam! ... Some teachers do this remotely and grade online, others are physically in person reading essays. They sit together at tables in huge conference centers for ~1 week to go through every single essay.

Theo von gilford.

How tall is sinbad.

Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The ...The average AP® Human Geography score changes every year based on the student population and the specific questions on that year’s exam, so it is difficult to pinpoint an overall average. For example, in 2020, over 218,300 students took the AP® Human Geography exam and their average score was 2.75, with a pass rate (a score of …A good score on any Advanced Placement exam is generally considered to be a 3, 4 or 5. These scores mean you passed the exam. The College Board specifies a score of 3 as "qualified", 4 as "well qualified" and 5 as "extremely well qualified.". Depending on the specific colleges you apply to, a passing score on an AP® exam could also ...Five big ideas are covered in the AP® Physics 1 exam: Big Idea 1: Systems – Objects and systems have properties like mass and charge. Big Idea 2: Fields – Fields that exist in space can explain interactions. Big Idea 3: Force Interactions – Forces can describe interactions between objects. Big Idea 4: Change – System interactions ...It is Friday afternoon, May 25, and you will be taking the AP Physics C: Mechanics Exam. In a moment, you will open the packet that contains your exam materials. By opening this packet, you agree to all of the AP Program's policies and procedures outlined in the 2011-12 Bulletin for AP Students and Parents.8. *Students earning a score of 5 on the Biology AP exam will receive credit for BIOL 1403 and 1404. If a student prefers to receive credit for BIOL 1401 and 1402, the student must contact the Registrar's Office to request the substitution. Students may receive a maximum of 8 credit hours as designated by the course pairings.The AP Physics C Mechanics exam will be held on Tuesday, May 9 at 12 PM local time. The AP exams are generally held in the month of May over the duration of two weeks. The AP Physics C Mechanics exam is 1 hour and 30 minutes long and is divided into two sections. Section A contains 35 multiple-choice questions.AP Physics C Mechanics Score Calculator. Last Updated: April 20, 2023. It’s important for those gearing up for their AP exam schedule to determine their level of readiness by working through past …Start a free trial to get instant access to the Wize study experience. Improve your grades with study guides, expert-led video lessons, and guided exam-like practice made specifically for your course. Covered chapters: Foundations, Introduction to Vectors, Unit 1: Kinematics (14-20%), Unit 2: Newton's Laws of Motion (17-23%), Unit 3: Work ...There are 55 possible multiple choice points (1 point per question) worth 45% of your score, and 3 essays (worth 9 points each) for 27 possible points worth 55% of your score. This is the calculator we are using: (Multiple Choice Score x 1.23) + (Essays x 3.05) = Total Score. That total score is translated to the final composite AP score of 1-5 ...Algebra and trig are arguably the hardest parts of calculus. So, having a solid foundation in them is essential to do well in calc. If you're confident in the skills taught in pre-calc, you can go forward with calc. Otherwise, learning and mastering pre-calc would be a very good investment for calculus. ….

This course meets for three 44-minute periods per week, plus two 90-minute lab periods. Prerequisites: Students who have successfully completed Honors Physics with a "B" minimum and have already completed or are taking concurrently AP® Calculus or Calculus. Text: Fundamentals of Physics, Extended, 9th ed., by Halliday, Resnick, and Walker ...Unit 3: Work, Energy, and Power. You'll learn to define and calculate work, energy, and power and become familiar with the principle of conservation as a foundational model of physics. Topics may include: Work-energy theorem. Forces and potential energy. Conservation of energy.The next major idea in this AP® Physics C study guide is magnetic fields. We'll introduce you to magnetic fields using Khanacademy's videos on magnetism. First, take the skill check at the top of the page. This skill check will evaluate how well you know magnetism already, and then suggest areas for you to study.Course Overview. AP Physics 1 is an algebra-based, introductory college-level physics course. Students cultivate their understanding of physics through classroom study, in-class activity, and hands-on, inquiry-based laboratory work as they explore concepts like systems, fields, force interactions, change, and conservation.AP Physics 1: Course and Exam DescriptionConclusion. You can refer to this AP Physics 1 Formula sheet or AP Physics 1 Equation Sheet for quick recall of formulae for mechanics, electricity, waves, geometry, and trigonometry. This AP Physics 1 formula sheet has 2 pages which you don't need to memorize as you will be provided with this sheet or a similar one in the AP Physics 1 exam.The AP Physics C Exams are college-level exams administered every year in May upon the completion of an Advanced Placement Physics C course taken at your high school. There are two different exams offered, AP Physics C: Mechanics and AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism. You can take one or both of these exams.She was a reader and nonfiction editor at Ecotone Magazine, and her work has most recently appeared in NBC THINK, Hayden's Ferry Review, and Blood Orange Review, among others. Additionally, she was a finalist for the Iowa Review Award in Nonfiction. AP Physics C Score Calculator - use of AP Physics C E&M score calculator to help prepare for ... Ap physics c grade calculator, Figure 1. Each blade has a length and mass , with a center of mass located at a distance L from the axis of. M. 3. rotation, as shown in Figure 2. (a) Derive an expression for the rotational inertia of the three-blade system. Express your answer in terms of , M. , and physical constants, as appropriate., Is AP Physics C the hardest AP? The Hardest AP Classes In High School - Ranked AP Physics C - Electricity & Magnetism (E&M) is rated as the hardest AP test by real AP class alumnae, with an average difficulty rating of 7.9 / 10 (10 = hardest). Those who stay the course often score well, though, with a 2021 pass rate of 70%., AP Physics C Mechanics Practice Test 2: Newton's Laws. AP Physics C Mechanics Practice Test 3: Work, Energy, and Power. AP Physics C Mechanics Practice Test 4: Linear Momentum. AP Physics C Mechanics Practice Test 5: Rotational Motion. AP Physics C Mechanics Practice Test 6: Laws of Gravitation., If you take both, you will receive a separate grade for each. Each section of each examination is 50 percent of the total grade; each question in a section has equal weight. Calculators are permitted on both sections of the exam. However, calculators cannot be shared with other students and calculators with typewriter-, 58004-00003 AP Physics Course Description 2008-09 • InDCS2 (converted from Quark) • Fonts: Bundesbahn Pi3, Century Old Style, Grk Regular, Serifa, Helvetica, Mathematics Pi 1, Mousefont Plain, Serifa, Universal, Zapf Dingbats • ConversionD1 11/16/06 RI59045 • ConversionD1revs 11/21/06 RI59045 •, The AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism Exam will test your understanding of the scientific concepts covered in the course units, as well as your ability to use calculus when solving problems related to electrostatics, electromagnetism, and more. You can use a four-function, scientific, or graphing calculator throughout the exam, and you ..., When planning a trip or calculating fuel costs, it’s essential to know the mileage between two locations. However, it’s important to understand that the distance isn’t solely deter..., PSAT® Score Calculator. If you're wondering what it takes to score a 1200, 1400, or even a 1600 on the SAT®, you'll want to try our interactive SAT® score calculator. With it, you can see how many questions you need to get right on the SAT® Evidence-Based Reading and Writing and SAT® Math sections., In today’s digital age, technology has transformed various aspects of education. One such transformation is the advent of online gradebooks for students. Gone are the days of manua..., Electric circuits. 4.) Magnetic fields. 5.) Electromagnetism. Exam Format: Each of the Physics C exams are 90 minutes long. This time is split equally between the multiple choice and free response sections. Each test has 35 multiple choice questions and 3 free response questions., Ap Physics C Grade Calculator 5 Steps to a 5: AP Physics C 2022 Greg Jacobs 2021-08-04 MATCHES THE LATEST EXAM! Let us supplement your AP classroom experience with this easy-to-follow study guide! The immensely popular 5 Steps to a 5: AP Physics C guide has been updated for the 2021-22 school year and now contains: 3 full-length practice exams ..., Ap Physics C Grade Calculator: In this groundbreaking Ap Physics C Grade Calculator, we embark on a transformative journey to demystify the challenges of Ap Physics C Grade Calculator. Whether you are a student preparing for an academic milestone or a professional seeking to enhance your knowledge, this guide is your roadmap to Ap Physics C ..., To calculate your test grade: Determine the total number of points available on the test. Add up the number of points you earned on the test. Divide the number of points you earned by the total number of points available. Multiply the result by 100 to get a percentage score. That's it!, Ap Physics C Grade Calculator Book Review: Unveiling the Power of Words In some sort of driven by information and connectivity, the power of words has be more evident than ever. They have the capacity to inspire, provoke, and ignite change. Such could be the essence of the book Ap Physics C Grade Calculator, a literary masterpiece that delves ..., a. Calculate the velocity of the object at t = 5 s. b. Calculate the kinetic energy of the object at t = 5 s. c. Calculate force at t = 5 s. d. Calculate work done by the force during first 5 s. 8. A spring exerts a restoring force Fx = -ax - bx2 when it is stretched or compressed. Where, a = 50 N/m and b = 20 N/m. The mass of the spring is ..., Teachers:Explore Resources. Find course and exam descriptions (CEDs), learn about the AP Course Audit, and access free online AP instructional resources through AP Classroom, such as AP Daily videos and progress checks. View Resources for AP Teachers. Go to AP Central Course Pages., Meet an AP®︎ teacher who uses AP®︎ Calculus in his classroom. 3:26. Bill Scott uses Khan Academy to teach AP®︎ Calculus at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, and he's part of the teaching team that helped develop Khan Academy's AP®︎ lessons. Phillips Academy was one of the first schools to teach AP®︎ nearly 60 years ago., What Students Should Bring to the Exam Room. 2 sharpened No. 2 pencils (with erasers) for completing multiple-choice answer sheets. 2 pens, with black or dark blue ink only, for completing areas on the exam booklet covers and for free-response questions in most exams. A watch (in case the exam room doesn't have a clock that can be easily seen)., The AP Physics C Exams are college-level exams administered every year in May upon the completion of an Advanced Placement Physics C course taken at your high school. There are two different exams offered, AP Physics C: Mechanics and AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism. You can take one or both of these exams., Find out how to measure the grading around your home to make sure your lot slopes downhill enough away from your house foundation. Read on to find out more. Expert Advice On Improv..., Physics C Electricity (0) Computer Science (2) Government. US Government (1) ... / 7 Question 2 Score: / 7 Composite Score: 150 / 150 (approx) AP Grade: 5 / 5 Find your score: 2016 2014 2012 2007 2004 * Estimate only View study guides (2) This calculator is based on the 2016 released exam with the latest scoring guidelines, such as these. Your ..., The grade percentage is calculated by dividing the rise over run and by multiplying the result by 100 percent. In other words, the change in vertical distance divided by the change..., What is a good AP® Chemistry score? Scores of 3, 4, or 5 are considered "passing" scores on the AP® Chemistry Exam. The College Board describes a 3 as 'qualified,' 4 as 'well qualified,' and a 5 as 'extremely well qualified.'. Scores of 3 or higher may qualify you for college credit, but many colleges and universities will ..., 8.7%. 63.5%. Jun 13. This is the 5th year of the AP Physics 2 exam, & each year, student learning & achievement has increased, from ~8% scores of 5 in 2014 to ~12.6% scores of 5 this year. In other words: this year’s AP Physics 2 students have achieved the highest % of scores of 3+ yet for this exam., Final Grade Calculator. Use this calculator to find out the grade needed on the final exam in order to get a desired grade in a course. It accepts letter grades, percentage grades, and other numerical inputs. The calculators above use the following letter grades and their typical corresponding numerical equivalents based on grade points., The one area that can't be perfectly accurate is how we determined the final predicted scores (College Board doesn't publish the "cut points" for each scores.) We used old released exams and other calculators to estimate "if you earned this % of points, you would earn this score": 0-29% = 1. 30-44% = 2. 45-59% = 3. 60-74% = 4., On most AP exams, a 50% will likely result in an AP score of 3. However, scoring a 50% on some of the harder AP exams such as AP Physics C: Electricity & …, As for the AP® Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism, 27,000 high school students took the exam. Almost a third also of the students earned a score of 5, that is, 32% of the students. 22.6% of the students earned 4 and 13.5% earned 3. All in all, 68.1 % of the students got a score of 3 or higher. The mean score for the exam is 3.421., Apr 24, 2023 · On most AP exams, a 50% will likely result in an AP score of 3. However, scoring a 50% on some of the harder AP exams such as AP Physics C: Electricity & Magnetism will earn you a 4. Similarly, scoring a 50% on some of the easier exams such as AP Psychology, may result in an AP score of 2. , Answer: The AP Physics C Electricity and Magnetism Score Calculator is a valuable tool designed to help students estimate their potential scores on the AP Physics C Electricity and Magnetism exam. It takes into account various factors such as the number of correct answers, incorrect answers, and unanswered questions to provide an estimated score., Apr 19, 2024 · A good score on any Advanced Placement exam is generally considered to be a 3, 4 or 5. These scores mean you passed the exam. The College Board specifies a score of 3 as “qualified”, 4 as “well qualified” and 5 as “extremely well qualified.”. Depending on the specific colleges you apply to, a passing score on an AP® exam could also ... , The next major idea in this AP® Physics C study guide is magnetic fields. We'll introduce you to magnetic fields using Khanacademy's videos on magnetism. First, take the skill check at the top of the page. This skill check will evaluate how well you know magnetism already, and then suggest areas for you to study., Friction when an object slides along a surface. Direction is opposite the object’s sliding direction and is parallel to the contact surface. Friction that prevents an object from sliding along a surface. Direction stops the object from sliding against another surface and is parallel to the contact surface. is very rough.